How to access other drive in windows subsystem linus (WSL)

To access C drive:
cd /mnt/c/

How To Install PHP (8.2, 8.1, 7.4,7.3) on Ubuntu 22.04

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

sudo apt install software-properties-common ca-certificates lsb-release apt-transport-https

LC_ALL=C.UTF-8 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php

sudo apt update

sudo apt install php8.2

sudo apt install php8.1

sudo apt install php8.0

sudo apt install php7.4

sudo apt install php7.3

sudo apt install php5.6

apt-get install php*-{cgi,cli,fpm,pdo,gd,mbstring,mysqlnd,opcache,xml,zip}

[If you use virtualmin then check PHP option to select your desired version]

How to move all files and folders via mv command

To move all files & folders from one destination to another:  

mv /path/sourcefolder/* /path/destinationfolder/

To move All files & Folder of current:

 mv * /path/destinationfolder/

To move single File:

 mv filename.zip /path/destinationfolder/

How to install MySQL on Ubuntu 22.04

 Installing MySQL:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install mysql-server

sudo systemctl start mysql.service

Configuring MySQL:

sudo mysql_secure_installation

Creating a Dedicated MySQL User and Granting Privileges:

  sudo mysql

 mysql -u root -p

 CREATE USER 'mailapp'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH authentication_plugin BY 'password';

 CREATE USER 'mailapp'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

 CREATE USER 'mailapp'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'password';

 ALTER USER 'mailapp'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'password';

 GRANT CREATE, ALTER, DROP, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT on *.* TO 'mailapp'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

 GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'mailapp'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;

 FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

 exit

 

 mysql -u mailapp -p

How to remove directory in Linux

 To permanently remove a directory in Linux, use either rmdir or rm command:

• For empty directories, use rmdir [dirname] or rm -d [dirname]
• For non-empty directories, use rm -r [dirname]

Before you remove a directory, you need to know the name of it. To discover files and directories, use the ls command, and to know the current directory you are in, use the pwd command.

The options you use together with these commands are also important to determine how they work. Here’s a quick recap of rm command options:

Command and Option	Description
rm -d	Remove an empty directory using the rm command.
rm -r	Remove a non-empty directory and its content.
rm -f	Ignore any prompt when deleting a write-protected file.
rm -rf	Ignore any prompt when deleting a write-protected non-empty folder.
rm -i	Output a prompt before deleting every file.
rm -I	Output a prompt only once before deleting more than three files.
rm *	Wildcard that represents multiple characters.
rm ?	Wildcard that represents a single character.
rmdir -p	Remove an empty subdirectory and its parent directory.
rmdir -v	Print the information that the specified directory was deleted.

How to access EC2 instance if lost key Pair and root credentials

Step-1: 

Create a new instance with same OS as previous one or create it from AIM made from old instance

Step-2: 

Shutdown the old instance and detach the volume

Step-3: 

Shutdown new instance Attached the detached volume to new instance and start the instance

Step-4: 

Login new instance using ssh console

Run the following commands:

lsblk

df -h

cd mnt

mkdir oldvolume

sudo mount /dev/sda1 mnt/oldvolume

cd mnt/oldvolume/root/.ssh

sudo vi authorized_keys

Now add your public key and save 

umount /dev/sda1

sudo shutdown now

Step-5: 

Now detach the dev/sda1 volume from new instance and attach to old instance as dev/sda

Step-6:

Reboot old instance from AWS dashboard and login your old instance using ssh console 

 Note: Your old instance IP will be changed after doing this if no elastic IP

How to install composer and use it on Ubuntu

sudo apt update

sudo apt install wget php-cli php-zip unzip

wget -O composer-setup.php https://getcomposer.org/installer

sudo php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer

sudo php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/path/to/project

sudo composer self-update  

composer require nesbot/carbon

Install multiple PHP version on Ubuntu for Virtualmin

 Enable ondrej/php repository

LC_ALL=C.UTF-8 add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php && apt-get update

Install additional PHP packages

apt-get install php*-{cgi,cli,fpm,pdo,gd,mbstring,mysqlnd,opcache,xml,zip} 

Note: php* should be replaced with a specific PHP version, i.e. php7.4, unless you really need to install all available additional PHP versions.

Configuring the second PHP Version in Virtualmin

Once you have completed the installation of a second PHP version on your server, you can verify that Virtualmin sees it by logging into Virtualmin, and clicking System Settings → Re-Check Config. You should see something like this:

The following PHP execution modes are available : fpm
The following PHP-FPM versions are available : 8.0.13 (php-fpm) 7.4.30 (php74-php-fpm) 8.2.0 (php82-php-fpm) 

You can configure which one is the default PHP version used on new Virtual Servers. The default is to use the newest available. You can change that default in System Settings → Server Templates → Default → PHP Options page.

Configuring Individual Virtual Servers

You can configure the PHP version being used for a specific Virtual Server by selecting Server Configuration → PHP Options.

Source: https://www.virtualmin.com/documentation/web/multiplephp/

How to install NGINX and configure on Ubuntu 20.04

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt upgrade

sudo apt install nginx

sudo systemctl status nginx

sudo ufw allow http

sudo ufw reload

sudo systemctl status nginx

sudo systemctl stop nginx

sudo systemctl start nginx

sudo systemctl disable nginx

sudo systemctl enable nginx

sudo systemctl restart nginx

sudo systemctl reload nginx

sudo unlink /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

sudo nginx -t

sudo systemctl restart nginx

sudo mkdir /var/www/example.com

How to unzip tar.gz file in linux

sudo apt-get install zip

unzip file.zip -d destination_folder

unzip file.zip

tar -xf archive.tar.gz

How to add public key to authorized_keys ec2 instance Ubunutu Linux

 Step 1: Login into you AWS account and go to EC2 instances

Step 2: Select your instance and click connect

Step 2: Then click connect button at the bottom right corner

Step 3: Now a new tab will be opened with console as follows

Step 4: Copy your SSH public key then add the key to the following key file

Use this command in Mac/Windows powershell to copy your public key: pbcopy ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

Step 5: Save and reboot then try to connect again with device from which public key generated.

How to change root pasword using ssh command

 The procedure to change the root user password on Ubuntu Linux:

Type the following command to become root user and issue passwd:

sudo -i

passwd

OR set a password for root user in a single command:

sudo passwd root

Test it your root password by typing the following command:

su -

Remove the Apache Web Server Ubuntu

sudo service apache2 stop

sudo systemctl disable apache2

sudo apt remove apache2

sudo apt autoremove

Change Ubuntu server Hoatname permanently

 Type the hostnamectl command :

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname newNameHere

Delete the old name and setup new name.

Next Edit the /etc/hosts file:

sudo nano /etc/hosts

Replace any occurrence of the existing computer name with your new one.

Reboot the system to changes take effect:

sudo reboot

Install Webmin on Ubuntu 20.04

sudo apt update

sudo apt install wget apt-transport-https software-properties-common

wget -q http://www.webmin.com/jcameron-key.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -

sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] http://download.webmin.com/download/repository sarge contrib"

sudo apt install webmin

sudo systemctl status webmin

sudo ufw allow 10000/tcp

sudo ufw reload

https://server-ip:10000/

Install geoip-database in Ubuntu 20

1. Update the package index:

   # sudo apt-get update

2. Install geoip-database deb package:

   # sudo apt-get install geoip-database

Install extensions for PHP 7.4 on Ubuntu 20

sudo apt-get install php7.4-cli php7.4-fpm php7.4-bcmath php7.4-curl php7.4-gd php7.4-intl php7.4-json php7.4-mbstring php7.4-mysql php7.4-opcache php7.4-sqlite3 php7.4-xml php7.4-zip

or 

sudo apt update

sudo apt install php7.4

sudo apt install php7.4-common php7.4-mysql php7.4-xml php7.4-xmlrpc php7.4-curl php7.4-gd php7.4-imagick php7.4-cli php7.4-dev php7.4-imap php7.4-mbstring php7.4-opcache php7.4-soap php7.4-zip php7.4-intl -y

How to install Fully Featured Mail Server using Postal on Ubuntu 16.04

Prerquisites:

Ruby 2.3 or higher

MySQL or MariaDB database server

Erlang

RabbitMQ server

Node.js (for javascript compilation)

Git (for accessing the repository)

Nginx

Installing dependencies:

Install Ruby

sudo apt install software-properties-common

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:brightbox/ruby-ng

sudo apt update

sudo apt install ruby2.3 ruby2.3-dev build-essential

Install MySQL

sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 0xF1656F24C74CD1D8

sudo add-apt-repository 'deb [arch=amd64,i386,ppc64el] http://mirrors.coreix.net/mariadb/repo/10.1/ubuntu xenial main'

sudo apt update

sudo apt install mariadb-server libmysqlclient-dev

Some additional configuration may be required to optimise your MySQL server. This is outside the scope of this documentation.

Install Erlang

wget https://packages.erlang-solutions.com/erlang-solutions_1.0_all.deb 

sudo dpkg -i erlang-solutions_1.0_all.deb

sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install erlang

sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install esl-erlang

If there is any issue while installing Erlang then use the following command:

sudo apt-get purge elixir
sudo apt-get purge erlang

sudo apt-get install esl-erlang

Install RabbitMQ

curl -s https://packagecloud.io/install/repositories/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/script.deb.sh | sudo bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

Install Node.js

sudo apt install nodejs

Install Git

sudo apt install git

There is documentation for installing the core prerequisites if needed.

Preparing the database

Postal has a single main MySQL database that contains all configuration and each mail server you create will have its own database that stores its messages and other mail-server specific content. No configuration is stored in the mail server databases.

mysql -u root -p -h 127.0.0.1

Begin by creating your main database. Run the commands below to create a new database. Replace XXX with a suitable password.

CREATE DATABASE `postal` CHARSET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;

GRANT ALL ON `postal`.* TO `postal`@`127.0.0.1` IDENTIFIED BY "XXX";

Postal will handle the creation of databases for your mail servers but you need to give it access to do this. Run the following to add a grant that permits a user to manage all databases that are prefixed with postal-.

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `postal-%` . * to `postal`@`127.0.0.1`  IDENTIFIED BY "XXX";

Setting up RabbitMQ

Postal requires its own RabbitMQ vhost and user to connect with. You can create these using the following commands:

sudo rabbitmqctl add_vhost /postal

sudo rabbitmqctl add_user postal XXX

sudo rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p /postal postal ".*" ".*" ".*"

Preparing your operating system

Postal should be executed as its own user on your server. Run the following commands to create a new user with a home directory in /opt/postal.

sudo useradd -r -m -d /opt/postal -s /bin/bash postal

Postal needs to be able to listen on privileged ports (for example 80, 443 and 25). To enable this, we will allow ruby to listen on these ports. On a shared server this would be a security risk however on a server dedicated to Postal, this shouldn't cause any issues.

sudo setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+ep' /usr/bin/ruby2.3

Installing system-wide gems

To run Postal, you'll need to have bundler and procodile installed on your system. Install them both:

sudo gem install bundler

sudo gem install procodile

Cloning the repository

Now, we're ready to get the repository cloned onto your server. Run the clone command as your postal user and clone into the /opt/postal/app directory.

sudo -i -u postal git clone https://github.com/atech/postal /opt/postal/app

The master branch (which is cloned by default) will contain the most stable version of the software. If you wish to work with a less stable branch, use the devel branch.

Postal provides a single binary that allows you to interact with it from any directory on your server. To make this available everywhere, simply symlink it into the /usr/bin/postal directory.

sudo ln -s /opt/postal/app/bin/postal /usr/bin/postal

Install Ruby dependencies

This will install all the required dependencies required to run the application.

postal bundle /opt/postal/app/vendor/bundle

Setting up configuration files

Before you can do anything, you'll need to generate the default configuration. By default, configuration is kept outside of the repository file structure and is stored in /opt/postal/config. Generate the initial configuration with the following command:

postal initialize-config

This will create a number of files for your configuration, including various private keys & certificates as well as a default postal.yml configuration file.

Configuring

Open up your new postal.yml configuration file from /opt/postal/config. Follow the comments in the example file and update items as appropriate based on your installation.

Initialize database & assets

postal initialize

Create your initial admin user

postal make-user

This will guide you through setting up a new admin user for your installation. You'll be prompted for an e-mail address, name & password. You can then use these when you first login.

Starting the application

To start the application, just run the following command. This will run postal in the foreground. This is only useful for testing and development. You'll run it in the background when you're sure everything is working.

postal run

If everything looks OK, you can just CTRL+C this and continue. If there are any errors, you should investigate these before continuing.

Now, you can run postal in the background on your server:

postal start

You can look at the status at any time using postal status.

Configuring Nginx

The Postal management interface and API should sit behind nginx. Install it and configure it as appropriate.

sudo apt install nginx

Once installed, you can change the default site configuration to match something suitable. The repository contains an example config file that you can copy into place.

sudo cp /opt/postal/app/resource/nginx.cfg /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

You can create a self signed SSL certificate if you need to (otherwise put your own

key & cert in /etc/nginx/ssl/postal.crt and postal.key)

sudo mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl/

sudo openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout /etc/nginx/ssl/postal.key -out /etc/nginx/ssl/postal.crt -days 365 -nodes

Make the appropriate changes for your domain and SSL certificate and then restart

sudo nano -w /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

This might be a good time to set up Let's Encrypt rather than using a self-signed certificate. CertBot is a good way to go about setting this up.

Accessing the web interface

You can now navigate to your domain and you should see the Postal web interface asking for a login. You can login using the credentials you created earlier.

You can start by creating your own organization & mail server and exploring the system.

By default, the system is not configured to use any IP pools that are configured. Messages will be sent from the main IP on the server. Configuring multiple IP pools will be covered in other documentation.

Configuring Postal SMTP

The Postal system itself needs to be able to send e-mails. This is something that needs to be configured in your postal.yml configuration file. You can send these messages using Postal itself. Just create a new mail server and use its credentials in your config file. Postal sends emails when servers are approaching limits, new users are invited, password resets and more.

Once you have added the configuration for this, you can test the configuration using the command below. Replace the e-mail address with one of your own.

postal test-app-smtp youraddress@domain.com

Complete Installation with Git Repo:

https://gist.githubusercontent.com/amisalabir/5fd99cd156b2eba220ae826ef8348f89/raw/44bd3f5314e116c9134456aecae3258f15f10479/ubuntu1604.sh

Install and enable CURL extention for PHP 7.4 on Ubuntu 20.04

apt-get install php7.4-gd

apt-get install php7.4-curl

/etc/init.d/apache2 restart

How to Download and Install Virtualmin || Ubuntu 20.04

The easiest way to get the install script onto your server, is to login to your server and use wget or curl. For example:


# wget http://software.virtualmin.com/gpl/scripts/install.sh

For Virtualmin Professional, use the command suggested on your Software Licenses page.


Run the Install Script and Configure Virtualmin

Execute the downloaded install script using a command like the following:

sudo /bin/sh install.sh